Linking topics covered on damping, and modulation, came to a topic that seems relevant: unions, whether thinking about games, or fixed.
pin, and mobility
A building can be articulated through smaller pieces that act as links. These links are fixed, and loose, through bolts and nuts. Status mobility implied, the threaded end of these pieces, it draws attention, leaving behind the idea of \u200b\u200ba mechanical, something that weapon, and that can be modified.
Fixing thread tensioners and determines the tensile stress, which can work loose or stretch. There is always implied the idea of \u200b\u200ba buffer, recalling the pins in the columns of Kansai airport, which adapt to irregular terrain: mobile elements. Rigidity and determination
achieved, it is also possible that different types of trusses, type of construction has been addressed previously, with particular attention to the wood. Parametric Architecture
wood and its association with the truss, the plug-in Grasshopper
At this point, thinking of coordinated systems of greater complexity, seeking a way to build them, see the program Rhinoceros, plus Grasshopper plug-in, as tools for structural design. In the past, imagining a habitability for these forms had associated parametric prototypes, built in wood, trusses, thinking that the latter are a known solution. Observation, or criticism, in fact, that is the ongoing development of this type of construction, is the habitability problems on the one hand, and materiality, on the other.
Concept and thumb: the truss as a constructive solution, or skeleton known
The thumb is the way "things are done", and transmitted from generation to generation. It is also a form of communication between professionals. You may well think of the truss element, known as defined in its entirety, as a basis to complicate.
What is the behavior of joints in the truss with a load?
Let us then the issue of the truss, and the most common material: the wood. In itself, wood is an organic material, non-homogeneous, composed of cellulose, which constitutes the structure of cell walls and lignin, the binder material of the cells together. It is this that affects the appearance and properties of the species.
Currently, the introduction of metal connectors has made it possible to make better use of wood. Previously, large sections were necessary, and only used between 40 and 60% of endurance. Now with metal connectors, you can get 80 and up to 100%.
General Rules for the design of trusses
The design procedure is as follows:
a) Determination of charge applicants.
b) Calculation of stresses in the elements.
c) Selection of species and quality grade. The selection of species depends on the location and the most common woods in the area. The degree of quality, the required strength. As a rule, should be preferred grades with lower voltages, which provide the most efficient and economical design.
d) Determination of scantlings required.
e) Design of joints, first considering the requests supporting older. You must set the spacing between fasteners, and their distance from the edge and the ends of the piece. Also, avoid sharing Eccentric joints. If that happens, you should consider the effect of the moments that this induces.
mechanical binding elements.
are those who, being requested by shear force, supported relative shifts, which arise as a result of deformations of wood in the area of \u200b\u200bcontact between it and the element of unity and, additionally, in the case of media cylindrical junction, by bending deformation they experience. Depending on the arrangement can also be ordered according to their axial direction.
This applies to the structural design makes use of mechanical devices such as nails, bolts, timber connectors, contact adhesives. Unions
connectors.
In the assemblages of wood, the joint design requires special attention. In the past, the size of items is often determined by the type of union and the small area of \u200b\u200bthe cross section was due to rebates and bolts. Basically, the connectors are rings, or prefabricated, partially introducing each surface, with relatively small diameter bolts.
This yields an optimization that allows shorter pieces, and smaller sections. In methods of the past, meetings were often the weakest part of the structure. Connectors can take advantage of all the allowable value of the wood.
Figure Upper: Split ring and split-ring joints (wood connectors). Source:
http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14071/css/14071_27.htm
Toothed-ring and toothed-ring joints. Source:
http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14071/css/14071_28.htm
have been numerous types of connectors are patented in USA and other European countries. The most common is the "open ring (split ring) whose continuity is interrupted by a tongue-shaped cut. Is placed in grooves in the surfaces, the ring diameter and whose depth is half the height of the ring. In the center of the circular groove on each tree is made a hole for the bolt that holds them. These rings are manufactured in two sizes: 2 ½ "and 4".
Another type of ring is provided with undulations in their songs, with opposing teeth in the upper parts of each undulation. The depth of the groove is half the height of the ring less than the length of the tooth, so that the teeth penetrate the wood wardrobes. Also, in the center, has a hole for a pin. Used in sizes 2 ", 2 5 / 8", 3 3 / 8 "and 4".
The type of plate or disc is a connector whose surface is provided with tabs or teeth. Square or circular, in the geometric center of the timber to be placed must be a hole for the bolt.
toothed connectors do not need slots. Pressed, encrusting. The connectors with flanges on their outer edges should be in grooves in each element. For the central hole passes the bolt, with washers, which, with the press, keep the set working as a unit.
Shear-plate and shear-plate joints (wood connectors). Source:
http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14071/css/14071_27.htm
Of these connectors plate or disk is used the most cutting plate (shear-plate), special for connections of wood with steel, wood and wood with removable structures when used in pairs. The plates are flush with the surface, and fit into slots cut into the sides. Columns are used to join wood foundation pads with added steel bolts, and metal boxes attached to concrete, and anywhere that requires a union steel-wood.
toothed plates are mainly used where the pieces overlap at right angles, these beams are on beams at right angles, or beam on pillar. The toothed racks are used in piles, poles, construction of trestles, docks and ports, and transmission lines. Are embedded under pressure, especially at the junction of two structural elements.
connectors are generally unexplored. Resistance is unknown and there are difficulties in its acquisition.
reinforcements "Bulldog." Source:
http://www.simpson.fr/catalogue/categorie.php?cat=69&fam=27&chglg=es
Spacings in
unions is essential, on the other hand, calculation and study of space in the connecting elements in the solution has been applied in a truss, to ensure adequate structural performance. Links that describe space calculations, plotted in diagrams of common scenarios can be:
http://rapidshare.com/ #! Download then, in which the load is applied to large presses.
Source:
http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2003/bmfciv297d/doc/bmfciv297d.pdf
First, for example, is made testing a union with nails
: the sample behaves ductile, since the provision of these distributes the load evenly across the face. Thus, the destruction is gradual. In addition, this allows no greater lateral tear. The problem of union 
stuck, is that parts tend to separate, reducing their carrying capacity, which happens because the nails are smooth on the surface of penetration. In addition, nails, face warp, by the direction of load and slip gradually. The union 
stuck by their conditions, one of which can be used for manufacturing a truss. The bolted joint 
, meanwhile, is another possibility, which solves the tendency to separation. The problem is that, by action of the load, the centerpiece is torn, causing the opposition of the sample dropped considerably, but remains stable. When installing bolts should always be taken into account size or space required for them to work in good shape, without causing a tear that compromises the sample. The connectors
union, meanwhile, also solves the problem of separation of parts, but also must take into account expected tears (top photo essay).
This should also be valid with more complex lattices, for which should be taken into account from the outset how the efforts are working, and the type of light to cover.
Examples complex structures: recent projects 
Houten Krúsrak Bridge (top) plywood at the highest level of solicitation.
Krúsrak Houten The bridge and its tensions and parts 
http://facingyconst.blogspot.com/2010/03/puente-houten-krusrak-madera-al-mas.html 
recently opened a bridge in Sneek (Netherlands), with an attractive wooden structure, which represents an important step in this material to high-level requests. This uses the latest technology to create a landmark. The result of collaboration between construction companies, government offices and architecture, Onyx and Achterbosch, is the first wooden bridge designed to withstand highway traffic loads according to Eurocode standard. 
Interior view of the bridge.
The bridge uses plywood Accoya, Titan Wood Company. Acetylated wood is: a biochemical process that seals dramatically improving the durability and toughness. This technology enables a high performance material that comes from certified sustainable sources. It is also a non-toxic, recyclable and biodegradable.
Details The bridge has a length of 32 m, 12 m wide and rises 16 m, enabling passing traffic, pedestrians and cyclists. The beams reach 1080 x 1400 mm of solid section, projecting prestressed joints between the main elements.
The structure consists of two orders. The first pair of triangular frames that curve allowing traffic. And the second, two families of diagonal interlaced within the frames. While we contemplated the possibility of the board of wood, the authors concluded that the width of the bridge and its loads require a chant of 2 meters in the transverse beams, so we opted for a solution in steel.
As shown in the graphs below, the flexible properties of wood allow predeformación set of sheets, before gluing, and breakdown or split into different parts ensures that the stress level is not excessive, which would limit the ability portant element in service. 
Images: plywood, practicándosele a single curvature and double, reminding the reference Paimio chair of Aalvar Alto. 
New Search
plywood forms
are interesting photographs of the construction process, as shown in these items are made in industrial wood in the workshops of Titan Wood, before being transported to a work area near the site.
Once assembled the different elements, the main parties are ready for assembly. This process can work several fronts. On one hand, work done in reinforced concrete substructure of the foundation, abutment walls and stack. On the other mount on site workshop and the steel deck and the superstructure of wood.
3555
Hayden (Eric Owen Moss Architects ): a sculptural roof
http://www.rhino3dchile.com/2008/01/3555-hayden/ # more-123
Eric Owen Moss has designed several works in Culver, near Los Angeles, California. Recently, it has developed a project to hold a post-production department, audiovisual, on an existing warehouse. This, considered a master volume, with a cover that is a double-curved surface. The volume is subtracted 2 cubic forms, as gaps in access. The mulch was modeled in Rhino, and with the same model, we obtain the shapes of the trusses, which were cut by computer numerical control milling machines (CNC). No frame
like another, and they were sent by e-mail to Canada, where a router-to-large cut shapes. The assemblies are also machined for a perfect fit. Everything was ready, at 2 weeks by truck to California. Inside remain the beams, while outside a technique using glass fiber reinforced polyester resin. About Rhino, the architect says "Invaluable when working with complex geometries, Rhino was used to construct a complete 3D model of all members of the roof ribs, frames, beams and top plates. In the case of trusses and top plates, the 3D data was also used to manufacture its parts. " The plywood and structural advantages
Plywood, seeing actual examples, is a product of structural and aesthetic use of considerable strength, manufactured from wood of different lengths and cross sections equal, glued together, also highly resistant to adverse weather conditions. Its composition is achieved by bonding thin films can be bent in advance, allowing the construction of complex structures of great harmony, and excellent structural characteristics.
Greenhouse Sheffield (England): curved wood and glass designed by the firm
curves
worth noting that the arches and the beams are supported by small pieces of stainless steel, which results in a very efficient structure because, by providing high ranges and areas available, allows an effect greater visual volume, while upholding the wood as the primary material, a fact that makes the Winter Garden one of the most advanced developments in terms of construction engineering applied to wood processing. http://www.prsarchitects.de/in_the_press.php?id=61 
Fitness Colegio Padre Hurtado (Teodoro Fernandez): Thinking beams
The bottom chord of the beams is projected as a parable, which defines a line of force without traction, which travel through the support beams of laminated wood, thus allowing economic beam. The roof structure considered shelters flown from parabolic laminated beams, which act as counterweights, lightening the weight of the center of the beamed ceiling. The roof is supported by a perimeter ring designed as compression, with a significant width which acts as the threshold of the room. A system of diagonal bracing the roof pillars, lowering the light of the edges that are the side canopies. Loads take the floor with a system of buttresses, relevant to the west, where the building reaches a higher height, and minimum to the east, where it has only one floor and you want more transparency. Buttresses to the west make this structural solution, combining the three-story, serve as umbrellas, frame the landscape from the inside, giving the facade presence and depth.
Conclusions and scientific research has resulted in obtaining valuable information. Wood, being a resource used since ancient times, is optimized according to the latest technologies, flexing and articulating with the help of new elements. These resources can be applied from the outset on the purpose of an architectural project.
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