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Chairs Around the cushion

Damping, in practice, means to receive, absorb and mitigate a force, dispersed or energy so that the initial charge has been minority sphere. The better the initial buffer, the lower the force received on the endpoint. For these purposes, rubber, by its nature, is one of the most commonly used materials.


architecture gum rubber

Elements in everyday life, are closer than you think. In joints of glass, furniture pads, absorbing the weights, so as not to scratch the floors. Given consistency, is capable of contracting and back, absorbing the load.

Seals for glass, rubber fireproof firewall.
http://www.nedys.com/uploads/434789309124a00.pdf http://www.nedys.com/esp/productos2.php?id=23



Arrival: tire shoes. The rubber wear.
By thinking in terms of architecture, there are arrivals. When the person is required to absorb the impact, not to fracture their ankles. The shoes hit the ground with rubber, as do mechanisms for the suspension of vehicles. The wheels absorb irregularities through the rubber and rubber. Is also present in non-slip elements, such as pedals, tacos ladder, or lining of steps. Buildings So, for the purpose of moving with the load, are suspended against gravity. Resort to the buffer, which contracts, accounts, and then recovers stability. By means of placing the structure on jacks, or through oscillatory pendulums, or other options, there are several ways to take this action.


addition to the material, and its contraction, there may be various types of mechanisms that emulate this resistance, controlled shrinkage or situation, maintaining balance, and suspension.
Sample buffer gas (source: wikipedia), a mechanism that dissipates energy. Components, working in partnership, can be seen in the image.
A - bar
B - piston seal,
C - cylinder

D - oil tank

E - the floating piston, F - air chamber So these devices, dampers, reduce unwanted oscillations, and are another way to absorb the load applied through a piston, or moving parts inside the cylinder of a machine. The concept of seismic isolation by damping seismic isolation, within the theme of the buffer, and already thinking of building systems and construction of larger scale, is a design concept that allows high levels of safety during earthquakes, economic structures, separating by a flexible interface, the soil structure.

Source:

http://www.sirve.cl/informacion_tecnica/aislacion_sismica/contenido_IT_aislacion.htm



conventional seismic design is based on increasing strength and deformation capacity of structural elements. For these structures, the earthquake generating high accelerations, stresses and strains, causing damage to it and its contents.
insulated design, however, changes the dynamic characteristics of a structure, reducing the seismic demand. In this case, reduce accelerations and deformations of the superstructure, eliminating the damage to it and its contents.

Device: insulator
elastomeric
This type of device is most used in insulation systems. It consists of a set of flat sheets of rubber, interspersed with grit, bonded to rubber, and coated on its top and bottom of two steel plates which are connected with the superstructure at the top and foundation at the bottom. Among the grit, the rubber sheet can be deformed into a horizontal plane and thus allow horizontal movement of the structure on the ground.



Parties elastomeric isolator. More information: http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2006/bmfcia775a/doc/bmfcia775a.pdf

To avoid excessive vertical deformation, the steel sandwich plates have the function of the insulator to restrict lateral expansion (vertical load). This has important implications for the functioning of a system of rubber insulation. elastomeric isolators can achieve significant levels of cushioning through a change in the chemical composition of rubber, reaching equivalent viscous damping ratio ranging between 12% and 18% for a wide range of frequencies and strains typical design. Alternatively, to achieve significant levels of damping (20% to 40%), the insulator is used rubber center lead. This device is identical to conventional elastomeric bushing unless the center features a lead core, bordered by the sheets of rubber and steel. This core has two primary functions. The first and most obvious, is to increase the damping of the isolator through lateral flow under deformation. And second, is to stiffen the structure laterally and any service charges like the wind.

elastomeric isolator installed on site. Clinica UC San Carlos de Apoquindo.

Isolator deformed during testing.

Other insulators
Friccional Pédulo

The pendulum device known as friccional (FPS) is a "slider" phone on a concave spherical surface. Any movement of the base will produce a displacement of the "slider" along this surface dissipating energy by friction. As this shift occurs on a curved surface the vertical force transmitted by the "slider" provides a tangential component which tends to focus the system. The idea of \u200b\u200bFPS is very simple, working extremely well.

No doubt there are details of the device that are important and not so obvious, such as the "slider" is a spherical lenticular so that this area is in contact with the concave surface and not a single point, as in the case of a frictional slider entirely spherical. This prevents the steel spherical surface scratching and impedes the free movement of the bushing. The "slider" is coated with high strength fluoropolymer, which allows working with design pressures close to 500 Kg/cm2. Finally, the FPS can be placed on both basal and inverted position, thus improving the ability to maintain the spherical surface clean even though there is a rubber seal around the bushing that prevents the ingress of dust and water.

Stock FPS isolator type slippers


device in which energy dissipation is achieved by dry friction between surfaces of different materials such as fluoropolymer and steel.




frictional slider in the image (left) Next, slide in Building St. Augustine Catholic University of Chile. VPJ Device

metal insulator, consisting of 16 elements in the form of C, which dissipates energy through the yielding of these, and has a uniform strength in all directions.

Stock
device VPJ frictional isolator rubber ring device in which energy dissipation occurs through friction, and has a restorative component given by the rubber.





frictional isolator rubber ring system

floor insulation floating floor system consisting of sections of support (support Ball) and units of damping (viscous dampers and coil springs .)


floor insulation Chart cosine Rail System rail system with pendulum motion (given by the cosine form of the rails) placed under furniture.



rails
cosine graph.

Campus San Joaquin, San Augustine building of the Catholic University, Santiago (2002). Elastomeric isolators 42 (17 with lead core) + 11 slides. Kansai
: structure on hydraulic mechanisms

Kansai Airport, returning to the example given in the previous article, is located on an artificial island in Osaka Bay, Japan, was inaugurated on September 4 1994. The island is 4 kms. long by 1 wide, and was designed with frequent earthquakes and typhoons in the area. construction criteria for the population to avoid aircraft noise, the artificial island, the world's largest, was built three miles of the coast, in a place where water depth reaches 18 meters. This effort is enhanced by the difficulties encountered: two layers of porous clay in the seabed, made the island sank five meters in six months, generating public concern. Currently, the island is sinking three to five inches a month, but experts say it is not problem. With its platform located six feet above sea level, it is expected to yield only two meters over the next 50 years, and in the meantime, many hydraulic devices correcting the profile of the terminal.
How to approach a settlement batch?
Due to settlement, will waste compacting, becoming irregular horizontal line. It provides regular slopes, and subsidence, hydraulic mechanisms - jacks - in the bottom of the buildings, which raise or lower complex modules to avoid uneven in different joints. The process involves lifting and dropping solid sheets Fill up to the appropriate level and sometimes gets up to take pictures and let down on the movement of groundwater. When there are escalators which occur together, these steps are a sort of hinged ramp extensions that hide the small difference between levels that are taking place, while below are correcting these differences with the devices. It's a pretty neat job every day. Graphics Demos


Thus the support columns are equipped with these hydraulic mechanisms, which allow up or down, as the technical solution, attempting to correct the inclination of the wings.


graphical representation based system to maintain the horizontal line, but the soil can be deformed. (Basic Concept of the Jack-up System)


Detail arrival of the support columns. The hydraulic mechanism maintains the level, while varying the attachment to the pins or bolts. Pictured below are placed shims to keep the balance.



(How the pillar under the passenger terminal is jacked up)



Unequal Measures Against Settlement under the Passenger Terminal (as of December 2007): before the settlement uneven, is the control device which varies. The video is shown, below, is an entertaining film, which consists of five parts on YouTube, and graph this constructive solution through renders. It is part of a series on mega-structures, and this is the Kansai airport.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CSc2bBfYaM&feature=channel_page







recent constructions in areas of high seismic activity

oscillatory pendulums recent projects
As damping system can present the concept of suspending a pendulum oscillating. The Taipei 101 building (308 m), has suspended a huge shock in the form of a sphere, which takes up four floors, working steadily to prevent the building to collapse by earthquake or wind. This mass of 730 tons, is an event when it is static, but even more impressive acting during earthquakes.

The design seeks strength and flexibility through a steel high-performance. 36 columns supporting the building, including eight "mega-columns", lined with concrete. Every eight floors, structural steel beams connecting the columns between the center and the field structure. These features, combined with the strength of the foundation, make the building a more stable structures built to date. The foundations are reinforced by 308 piles, anchored at a depth of 80 meters underground. Each pile, 1.5 meters in diameter, can withstand a load of 1000 tonnes.

The weight of this building, of 700,000 tons, with 101 apartments, 12,000 people, however, apparently also generated comments that could be making the earth tremble. Two earthquakes, between 2004-2005, were centered just below the building. The geologist Cheng Horng Lin of National Taiwan Normal University, supports the hypothesis that the 700,000 tons it weighs the building, increasing the pressure of the upper crust on a nearby fault, which would trigger these new quakes. Currently, it monitors the building to know for a fact that is passing under the structure.
Stock hydraulic cylinders.


Thick cables suspending the sphere.


Burj al-Arab, Dubai / UAE : dynamic absorbers



Building Isolation

as a system of long-span structures such as bridges, stages, covered of sports facilities, and slender high-rise buildings such as chimneys, towers, buildings tend to be greater or lesser extent excited to high amplitude in one of its basic modes due to wind, or foot traffic. Characteristic of these buildings are the low frequencies and low damping. By assembling dynamic absorber tuned, however, these vibrations can be reduced effectively. absorbers consist of: spring or pendulum oscillating mass, damping VISCO ®. Ill.: Building Isolation

tuned dynamic absorbers are consistent with the mass and the natural frequency of the structure. Have been developed and supplied absorbers oscillating masses from 40 kg. to 10,000 kg. and natural frequencies from 30 Hz to 0.3 Hz to reduce vertical frequencies are placed, in most cases, dynamic absorbers vertical compression coil springs, while horizontal and torsional vibrations are reduced with horizontal dynamic absorbers leaf springs or pendulums. Burj Dubai The Taipei 101 building, seen above, was the world's tallest building until the arrival of the Burj Dubai, currently under construction. You can see the slender, with sections totaling making the structure will become increasingly smaller. The position of the wings form a spiral staircase, around the building, serves to counter winds and sandstorms in the area. Since the fourth level, located over 500 feet high, ending the wings, leaving only the center, which diminishes until the end of an antenna.
Cushion, attached one solution may be a way of thinking from the start. To think so, you can incorporate a mobility component in a design that addresses these criteria from the generation, locations and sizes providing solutions in line with party building.

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Lift and resistance patterns


grid structures





Images: notion of structures that combine shell and grille, as elements working in partnership.

Thinking structure criteria, it is possible to extract the previous article the notion of arc, and constructive action. How does the bow? Between "active forms" compression, the arch has been the structural form that has survived, for example, bridges and domes.

The arch is a structure that allows a stand on two bricks, using materials that resist compression only, the contracting effort structure, pressing elements. Beams, slabs, trusses, however, have elements under stress, the effort tends to stretch. The live elements require wood or metal. Reinforced concrete reinforcing steel used to resist tension. Use on roofs and bridges of stone, brick and plain concrete, since the time of the Romans, could have no other way not vaulted, for a construction made of these materials can not withstand tension. The arches have complexity supports, by tending to push them out, and down. The less deep the bow, the greater the thrust exerted on the supports.

The Vault: composition of arcs Basically, a vault is not more than the sum of arcs: a curved surface that receives weight on your top, and transmits it to the lowest asking follow the curve itself described. Because of this, can be formed for blocks that are in equilibrium, each push the upper block, it at the bottom. These thrusts are unloaded onto the supports, which are an effort to side scroll to the outside. Clearly, therefore, that a dome can not be conceived independently. You need to think in a body capable of absorbing the thrust it produces. So what determining system and rail is the mutual correspondence of thrust and counter thrust generated by the dome shape.




The vaults used in the Romanesque period are of different types. Widespread, especially in France, the tunnel vault, semicylindrical, the simplest of all. But the typical Romanesque dome is called the edge. Known by the Romans, the groin vault derived from crossing at right angles of two barrel vaults. It is a square, with four semicircular arches on the sides and two elliptical arches along the diagonals. Contrary to the vault cannon, which can only rely on other arc or a continuous wall, the dome suggests a natural edge, as points of support, four pillars, or columns, the angles of the vault. This is a great advantage: the roof edge can be made up in all directions.
From the junction of the groin vault with the other major media born of Romanesque architecture concept: the stretch. That is, the item can be combined to form the body of the building. You can describe the characteristic stretch Romanesque in form and function, like this: based on four pillars arranged in the corners of a square are joined two by two semicircular arches (called half point), first on the sides and then along the diagonals. These arches, pillars, the space defined in the schema of a groin vault with his cleats.
http://www.geocities.com/romanicojeda/introduccion.htm
www.umh.es/asignaturas/ fichasignatura.asp? NA = 4066 & TIT = 85

gridshell: the grid, the element
associated About recent projects, like the first picture, thinking, and now it is possible to think of ways warped, but formed by parts, as a framework, instead of solid surfaces. The term "gridshell" speaks of this: a shell (Shell), but lattice (grid). Structures of grids, the total section. http://www.openairclassroom.org.uk/Further% 20information/information-downland% 20gridshell.htm


The grid of this project is actually a double coat, with ribbons in cross direction. This is necessary to combine the required degree of flexibility with enough lateral force. The pieces are joined at the nodes of the grid with a set of steel plates.



Clamps
nodes The key to the construction of gridshell are clamps on the nodes, or metal coupled plates, which were placed in the parts where the cross pieces of wood on the grate. The clamps hold the pieces of oak in place, allowing them to twist and bend, bending and lifting, to form three-dimensional structure. A clamp consists of three plates where the medium has pins to locate the grid geometry, which embodies the bar. The panels are holding the external ribbons loosely in place, allowing slip during shell formation.
Once the structure reaches its final form in each attachment bolts are tightened to compress the wood together.


Simulations
Software Custom Software was used to map the structure, so that each joint in the lattice was placed in a timber that would allow the degree of curvature appropriate to form the shell.
Example network structure.

http://www.architectureweek.com/2003/0122/building_2-2.html
Looking

other examples, apart from this particular project, you can find racks of paper, covers the way that achieves Shigeru Ban. The grid and can be steel, aluminum, cardboard, or pieces of wood - oak - for building gridshell Downland. The Japanese Pavilion Hanover, designed by Shigeru Ban, had an area of \u200b\u200b3600 m² and a height of 16 m, combining laminated wooden arches, with a mesh of cardboard tubes, 40 m long and 12.5 cm in diameter, tied with polyester straps. The foundation consisted of a steel frame and wooden tables filled with sand. This building was covered with a membrane of paper, specially made in Japan to resist fire and water. The building and the cardboard is the world's largest, disassembled and recycled at the end of exposure.
Sample Structure of paper: Paper

Grid Shell


Japanese Pavilion, Shigeru Ban, EXPO 2000, Hannover.



http://www.flickr.com/photos/expomuseum/67851877/


Approaches to arches and corrugated structures:
Gaudí and the funicular model.

funicular shape is a figure that takes a cable which is deformed by the action of a load, depending on its size and point of application.
Reading on arches and vaults, a question arises: what is the guideline most appropriate curve of a bow? The answer is that it depends on the system loads. Each according to their position and intensity, defines what is called funicular curve. " This is the ideal guideline for an arc.

One way to understand the operation of the arc is to imagine "invested." A series of weights hanging from a rope, it will spontaneously funicular shape of the curve. Will define a "reverse arch", in which the guidelines will work in tension, not compression. The most familiar example is the curve of a suspension bridge. Also, engineers have often used the same method to find the most appropriate form of an arc, playing in a model your system loads.



The simplest case is the uniform load in this case the funicular curve is a parabola (parabolic arc in the figure below). In building arches, however, is rarely used: Gaudí, and modernist architects were among the few who made use of it, being difficult to build (note the figure that each segment is of a different type), and its inclination right from the start reduces the available capacity of step.


However, this guideline, inverted, can be seen in many suspension bridges, known as the Golden Gate, or the Olafsund (Denmark, in the figure). In these, the weight of the board can be considered uniform for all purposes.

Slightly different is the catenary, a funicular load is not uniform, but proportional to the weight of the funicular curve itself. For lighting large compared to the height is almost indistinguishable from the parable. The most dramatic arc is the top piece, or key, which remains in place, as if defying gravity. Sometimes, on bridges and the aqueduct of Segovia, the stones are held together by its own weight, without any mortar, which is not as surprising as explained: it is surely no mortar could keep in place the blocks if they were not properly seated. resistance models used by Gaudí

is known that Gaudi used hanging models, method and occupied since the late seventeenth century. The originality of Gaudi, however, is that it uses vaults of unusual shapes, showing great structural insight. For the calculation of structures Gaudi was part of the design process from the initial stage.


Instead of using derivatives of the circle arcs, such as semicircular arches used parabolic or catenary (overhead is the form that takes a string pendant). The origin of this method comes from 1670, when Robert Hooke raised the question of what the ideal form of an arc. In 1676, gives the solution in an anagram, including a book on watches. "Just hanging flexible wire as well, but inverted will stand the rigid arch."

This analogy raises the suspension cables (funículum, from Latin, meaning string). While the cable supports traction, the bow "funicular" (his reflection) supports compression of the same magnitude as the cable.



galleries in Park Güell can deduce from the arc axis which must be the inclination of the axis of the column that matches the line of action of the reaction of the arc, ensuring that work in simple compression.
columns are leaning this way because they have the same direction as the resultant of the loads applied on them. In this way you can remove the spurs and buttresses, characteristic of the Gothic.

Renzo Piano and arcs and ripples contemporary


Kansai Airport, designed by Renzo Piano, is formally defined by a large undulating roof, silver color, which folds down to form a glass front looking at the tracks. Faced with this apparently smooth and polished exterior, the interior is dominated by the sight of large arches triangulated, slants, and cross-braces which make up the metal structure.




Arches paper, and derivations of the architecture of Shigeru Ban




You can see models of lift on a human scale: http://www. archispass.org/category/ernstes/architektur/karton/page/3 / In the link above you can see structural search models of support for grids, appealed to the board. Be seen, apart from the movement, held by unions, the importance of maintaining a strong section, lift the cross section, as a projection or recurrence of curves.
and election material By building split parts can be made of steel, aluminum, cardboard tubes, wood. This suggests the geometry and material right: geometry is not going to be the same depending on the material used.

Structure: solid wall and septum, the estimated calculation When designing, we estimate the proportion of strong and lightweight structure, taking criteria. In this sense, this approach appears from the question of how to move the calculation and verification, apart from occupying formulas and software, as auxiliaries. That is, direct structural design. At this point, we present the model as an intermediary, such as physical approach and forms of experience. Are interesting in this regard, the workshop model, and experiments 1 to 1, a human scale. In affordable housing, in contrast to other requirements, it is very important to the millimeter, bounded by the amount of m2 which often are handled.
project is necessary and taking such notion of partition and the actual width. A wall to be measured between 12 cm and 7 cm, which is quite variable. A solid wall of 14 to 20 cm, depending on the coating. Program focusing on how to cover housing, savings, through centimeters, and millimeters, can be significant.
As a criterion of structure, this article attempts to raise the issue of using modules, the total is reached, where the system is how these elements are linked and work together. This poses as an introduction to an issue that could be an aspect of development.